219 lines
9.5 KiB
Text
219 lines
9.5 KiB
Text
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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@c Copyright (C) 2000-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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@node Mac OS / GNUstep
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@appendix Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep
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@cindex Mac OS X
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@cindex Macintosh
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@cindex GNUstep
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This section describes the peculiarities of using Emacs built with
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the GNUstep libraries on GNU/Linux or other operating systems, or on
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Mac OS X with native window system support. On Mac OS X, Emacs can be
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built either without window system support, with X11, or with the
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Cocoa interface; this section only applies to the Cocoa build. This
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does not support versions of Mac OS X earlier than 10.4.
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For various historical and technical reasons, Emacs uses the term
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@samp{Nextstep} internally, instead of ``Cocoa'' or ``Mac OS X''; for
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instance, most of the commands and variables described in this section
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begin with @samp{ns-}, which is short for @samp{Nextstep}. NeXTstep
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was an application interface released by NeXT Inc during the 1980s, of
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which Cocoa is a direct descendant. Apart from Cocoa, there is
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another NeXTstep-style system: GNUstep, which is free software. As of
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this writing, Emacs GNUstep support is alpha status (@pxref{GNUstep
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Support}), but we hope to improve it in the future.
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@menu
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* Mac / GNUstep Basics:: Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS.
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* Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS.
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* Mac / GNUstep Events:: How window system events are handled.
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* GNUstep Support:: Details on status of GNUstep support.
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@end menu
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@node Mac / GNUstep Basics
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@section Basic Emacs usage under Mac OS and GNUstep
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By default, the @key{alt} and @key{option} keys are the same as
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@key{Meta}. The Mac @key{Cmd} key is the same as @key{Super}, and
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Emacs provides a set of key bindings using this modifier key that mimic
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other Mac / GNUstep applications (@pxref{Mac / GNUstep Events}). You
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can change these bindings in the usual way (@pxref{Key Bindings}).
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@vindex ns-alternate-modifier
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@vindex ns-right-alternate-modifier
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The variable @code{ns-right-alternate-modifier} controls the
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behavior of the right @key{alt} and @key{option} keys. These keys
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behave like the left-hand keys if the value is @code{left} (the
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default). A value of @code{control}, @code{meta}, @code{alt},
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@code{super}, or @code{hyper} makes them behave like the corresponding
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modifier keys; a value to @code{left} means be the same key as
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@code{ns-alternate-modifier}; a value of @code{none} tells Emacs to
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ignore them.
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@kbd{S-Mouse-1} adjusts the region to the click position,
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just like @kbd{Mouse-3} (@code{mouse-save-then-kill}); it does not pop
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up a menu for changing the default face, as @kbd{S-Mouse-1} normally
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does (@pxref{Text Scale}). This change makes Emacs behave more like
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other Mac / GNUstep applications.
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When you open or save files using the menus, or using the
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@kbd{Cmd-o} and @kbd{Cmd-S} bindings, Emacs uses graphical file
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dialogs to read file names. However, if you use the regular Emacs key
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sequences, such as @kbd{C-x C-f}, Emacs uses the minibuffer to read
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file names.
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On GNUstep, in an X-windows environment you need to use @kbd{Cmd-c}
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instead of one of the @kbd{C-w} or @kbd{M-w} commands to transfer text
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to the X primary selection; otherwise, Emacs will use the
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``clipboard'' selection. Likewise, @kbd{Cmd-y} (instead of @kbd{C-y})
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yanks from the X primary selection instead of the kill-ring or
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clipboard.
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@subsection Grabbing environment variables
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@c How is this any different to launching from a window manager menu
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@c in GNU/Linux? These are sometimes not login shells either.
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Many programs which may run under Emacs, like latex or man, depend on the
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settings of environment variables. If Emacs is launched from the shell, it
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will automatically inherit these environment variables and its subprocesses
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will inherit them from it. But if Emacs is launched from the Finder it
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is not a descendant of any shell, so its environment variables haven't been
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set, which often causes the subprocesses it launches to behave differently than
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they would when launched from the shell.
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For the PATH and MANPATH variables, a system-wide method
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of setting PATH is recommended on Mac OS X 10.5 and later, using the
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@file{/etc/paths} files and the @file{/etc/paths.d} directory.
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@node Mac / GNUstep Customization
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@section Mac / GNUstep Customization
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Emacs can be customized in several ways in addition to the standard
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customization buffers and the Options menu.
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@subsection Font and Color Panels
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The standard Mac / GNUstep font and color panels are accessible via
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Lisp commands. The Font Panel may be accessed with @kbd{M-x
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ns-popup-font-panel}. It will set the default font in the frame most
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recently used or clicked on.
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@c To make the setting permanent, use @samp{Save Options} in the
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@c Options menu, or run @code{menu-bar-options-save}.
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You can bring up a color panel with @kbd{M-x ns-popup-color-panel} and
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drag the color you want over the Emacs face you want to change. Normal
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dragging will alter the foreground color. Shift dragging will alter the
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background color. To discard the settings, create a new frame and
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close the altered one.
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@c To make the changes permanent select the "Save Options"
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@c item in the "Options" menu, or run @code{menu-bar-options-save}.
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Useful in this context is the listing of all faces obtained by
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@kbd{M-x list-faces-display}.
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@subsection Customization options specific to Mac OS / GNUstep
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The following customization options are specific to the Nextstep port.
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@table @code
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@item ns-auto-hide-menu-bar
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Non-nil means the menu-bar is hidden by default, but appears if you
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move the mouse pointer over it. (Requires Mac OS X 10.6 or later.)
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@end table
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@node Mac / GNUstep Events
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@section Windowing System Events under Mac OS / GNUstep
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Nextstep applications receive a number of special events which have
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no X equivalent. These are sent as specially defined ``keys'', which
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do not correspond to any sequence of keystrokes. Under Emacs, these
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``key'' events can be bound to functions just like ordinary
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keystrokes. Here is a list of these events.
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@table @key
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@item ns-open-file
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@vindex ns-pop-up-frames
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This event occurs when another Nextstep application requests that
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Emacs open a file. A typical reason for this would be a user
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double-clicking a file in the Finder application. By default, Emacs
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responds to this event by opening a new frame and visiting the file in
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that frame (@code{ns-find-file}). As an exception, if the selected
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buffer is the @file{*scratch*} buffer, Emacs visits the file in the
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selected frame.
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You can change how Emacs responds to a @code{ns-open-file} event by
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changing the variable @code{ns-pop-up-frames}. Its default value,
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@samp{fresh}, is what we have just described. A value of @code{t}
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means to always visit the file in a new frame. A value of @code{nil}
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means to always visit the file in an existing frame.
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@item ns-open-temp-file
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This event occurs when another application requests that Emacs open a
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temporary file. By default, this is handled by just generating a
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@code{ns-open-file} event, the results of which are described above.
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@item ns-open-file-line
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Some applications, such as ProjectBuilder and gdb, request not only a
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particular file, but also a particular line or sequence of lines in
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the file. Emacs handles this by visiting that file and highlighting
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the requested line (@code{ns-open-file-select-line}).
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@item ns-drag-file
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This event occurs when a user drags files from another application
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into an Emacs frame. The default behavior is to insert the contents
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of all the dragged files into the current buffer
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(@code{ns-insert-files}). The list of dragged files is stored in the
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variable @code{ns-input-file}.
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@item ns-drag-color
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This event occurs when a user drags a color from the color well (or
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some other source) into an Emacs frame. The default behavior is to
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alter the foreground color of the area the color was dragged onto
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(@code{ns-set-foreground-at-mouse}). If this event is issued with a
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@key{Shift} modifier, Emacs changes the background color instead
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(@code{ns-set-background-at-mouse}). The name of the dragged color is
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stored in the variable @code{ns-input-color}.
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@item ns-change-font
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This event occurs when the user selects a font in a Nextstep font
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panel (which can be opened with @kbd{Cmd-t}). The default behavior is
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to adjust the font of the selected frame
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(@code{ns-respond-to-changefont}). The name and size of the selected
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font are stored in the variables @code{ns-input-font} and
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@code{ns-input-fontsize}, respectively.
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@item ns-power-off
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This event occurs when the user logs out and Emacs is still running, or when
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`Quit Emacs' is chosen from the application menu.
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The default behavior is to save all file-visiting buffers.
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@end table
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Emacs also allows users to make use of Nextstep services, via a set
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of commands whose names begin with @samp{ns-service-} and end with the
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name of the service. Type @kbd{M-x ns-service-@key{TAB}} to
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see a list of these commands. These functions either operate on
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marked text (replacing it with the result) or take a string argument
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and return the result as a string. You can also use the Lisp function
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@code{ns-perform-service} to pass arbitrary strings to arbitrary
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services and receive the results back. Note that you may need to
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restart Emacs to access newly-available services.
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@node GNUstep Support
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@section GNUstep Support
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Emacs can be built and run under GNUstep, but there are still
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issues to be addressed. Interested developers should contact
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@ifnothtml
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@email{emacs-devel@@gnu.org}.
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@end ifnothtml
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@ifhtml
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@url{http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-devel, the
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emacs-devel mailing list}.
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@end ifhtml
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